How to Write an Argument Essay - 4815 Words

How to Write an Argument Essay There are five main steps. Step 1: Read the essay Read the question. Decide what kind of essay it is - opinion, compare/contrast, problem and solution, cause and effect, or a mixture. The type of question will decide the layout and your ideas. Step 2: Underline Underline key vocabulary in the question and write words with the same or related meaning. This will really save you a lot of time later on. It will also help to avoid repetition of words, and will show that you understand the question. Vocabulary 1: Read and Underline Key Words Should governments spend money on space exploration, or should they spend the money on problems here first? 2: Write Down Other Words with the Same Meaning†¦show more content†¦| |Seven/eight sentences |Argument 1 or Reason 1 | | |Example, Explanation, or supporting detail | | | | | | | | |Argument 2 or Reason 2 | | |Example, Explanation, or supporting detail | | |Argument 3 or Reason 3 | | |Example, Explanation, or supporting detail | | |Summary sentence for Para 2 | |Paragraph 3 |Topic SentenceShow MoreRelatedRhetoric Between An Intrusive And Extrusive Proof992 Words   |  4 Pagesto write 4 essays throughout the entirely of this course. Each of the essays included an original version, followed by a revision memo, and last but not least a final revised version of the essay. After we completed an essay, the professor would grade our original essay and provide feedback on how to further improve on our final revised essay. We then would have to take his corrections into consideration and write 2 paragraphs on how to fix our mistakes called a revision memo. The first essay weRead MoreComparative Essay1073 Words   |  5 PagesGRADE 12 UNIVERSITY ENGLISH Unit 2: Comparative Essay Writing Summative Task Task: Select a particular idea or theme and/or an aspect of form and style and analyse the way it or they is/are depicted in Archibald Lampman’s poem, â€Å"In November† and one other poem. You may use: William Wordsworth’s â€Å"The World is too much With Us†, Robert Frost’s â€Å"Dust of Snow† E.J Pratt’s A November Landscape Mary Soutar-Hynes – â€Å"For Writers Whose Work I Have Loved† In completingRead Morenm,n. On the other hand the main dissimilarity of those two essays is authors view towards the society. Their ideas are very helpful for the development of our society.1747 Words   |  7 Pages Essay Assignment #1 Length: three to four pages not including Works Cited Evaluation of an Argument through Analysis – In this assignment, you are required to show your abilities to summarize and evaluate the effectiveness of an argument, based on your analysis of it. Thus far in the course, we have explored the ways in which we read and analyze an argumentative text critically. Critical analysis of a text requires us to look for what the author claims (the main idea/thesis) and to closelyRead MoreEssaye 2 Eng 100634 Words   |  3 PagesEssay #2—Is Pop Culture Actually Good For You? Our second essay is a response to the readings from the Chapter â€Å"Is Pop Culture Actually Good For You?† and should include specific references to the text when appropriate. You may also develop the essays with examples from your own lives or other courses you may have taken that covered similar themes. In other words, personal experience is o.k. to use as evidence in your essay, but keep in mind that this essay is primarily a response to a textRead MoreThe Six Steps of Writing an Academic Essay1370 Words   |  6 PagesThere are six steps to writing an academic essay. If you follow each of these steps correctly, you will find that you can write university essays that will earn you a distinction (or high distinction) every time. It is simply a matter of understanding what steps to follow, and then completing each of them thoroughly. This article provides an outline and brief description of each of these steps. It is an introduction to a series of articles that will examine each step in more depth. Reading justRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of John Warner s Kill The 5 Paragraph 937 Words   |  4 PagesStatement of Rhetorical Analysis On February 22, 2016 author John Warner published an article on Just Visiting entitled â€Å"Kill the 5-Paragraph Essay.† Warner creatively talks about how rudimentary of a structure this type of essay holds. Writers are locked inside a cage of regulations and guidelines making them unable to write the essay as they please, but rather having to piece together regulated sentences and paragraphs because that’s what they have been told would score high on certain test questionsRead MoreStudy Skills Guide For Note Making Essay1712 Words   |  7 Pagesbe assessed by essay – whether that’s an essay you prepare in your own time over a period of days or weeks, or one you concoct in an examination hall in the space of an hour. It therefore follows that if you learn how to prepare, organise and present essays, you will do much better in your degree overall. So this document might also be called: HOW TO GET BETTER MARKS WITHOUT (NECESSARILY) DOING MORE WORK We’ll assume that you’ve read widely about the particular subject of your essay, and have a goodRead MoreI Am A Foreign, Learning A Language, And An Argumentative Essay988 Words   |  4 Pagescollege years and the future. Throughout the semester, I have written a plethora of essays such as a rhetorical analysis, comparative review, annotated bibliography, exploratory, and an argumentative essay. Since it is my first time writing these types of essays, I struggled at first trying to figure out how to start the essays; however, our professor assisted us and showed us sample essays that help us write our essays. I’ am very thankful that i managed to take this course because i have learned aRead MoreA Closer Look at Date Rape944 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"Feminism has not prepared them for this,† states Camille Paglia in her essay â€Å"Rape: A Bigger Danger than Feminists Know.† The â€Å"them† in Paglia’s statement is referring to w omen, and she is discussing the topic of date rape. Susan Jacoby, on the other hand, writes in her article â€Å"Common Decency,† that feminism is not responsible for the rising cases of date rape, but that it is the men who are at fault. Paglia’s argument is insightful and accurate, but Jacoby’s writing is flawed and not well-researchedRead MoreWhat Makes A Successful Argument?927 Words   |  4 Pagessuccessful argument? An argumentative essay is similar to any other essay. The writing process may vary, but only slightly to meet the demands of an argument. When writing a convincing argumentative essay, one must first choose a topic and then think about that chosen topic, draft a thesis statement, understand the intended audience, gather evidence, refute opposing arguments, revise the thesis statement, establish credibility, draft the essay, revise the essay, and finally polish the essay. By implementing

Essay on Ethical Dilemmas and Normative Theories - 1358 Words

Essay Questions: How does the situation facing John constitute an ethical dilemma? Using two normative theories of ethics comment on the ethical aspects of the situation. Business is an organisation or economic system where products and services are traded for money, a product or services. Businesses need investment or customers to make a profit and survive. In business, ethical issues may arise for example false advertising, misleading the public, exaggerations and disclaimers. In this case study the ethical issue identified is an exaggeration of how much the company makes and falsifying of documents by signing off on an order that has not yet been finalised. Business ethics is the study of business situations, activities, and†¦show more content†¦In this case the company is venture-backed which means it needs to show investors that there is growth. Ralph is feeling pressure to show investors that the company is doing well and therefore putting pressure on John. John is under pressure to abide by the law, company policies, rules and principles. John has his own view of morals, beliefs and corporate ethics whether Ralph has the same v iew of such concepts is not an issue as both of them are bound by their duty to fulfil their roles as CFO and CEO in the company to show investors results. Ethical theories in business are regulators of the business world, keeping a balance, normalising and linking laws, policies and regulations of law with a human aspect to morals and ethics. Ethical theories are divided in two categories, consequentialist and non-consequentialist. Consequentialist theories evaluate act based on the ‘goodness’ of the consequence. For example if john signs off on the order before it is finalised, then this act would be evaluated on what happens next or the outcome of his decision. Non-consequentialist theories determine the ‘rightness’ or wrongness of the act based on the nature of the act itself rather than the outcomes of the action. For example if john signs off on the order before it is finalised, then this act would be evaluated on the act itself whether it is right or wrong to have signedShow MoreRelatedNormative Ethics And Ethical Ethics Essay1434 Words   |  6 PagesNormative ethics is defined as the study of eth ical action, or in other words, the analysis of how one should act when faced with a dilemma, morally speaking. It evaluates the standards with regard the rightness and wrongness of an act. Descriptive ethics investigates moral beliefs while normative ethics evaluates actions. While descriptive ethics how many people believe that act is ethical, normative ethics investigate whether it is correct to have these beliefs. normative ethics therefore can aidRead MoreEthics Paper1177 Words   |  5 PagesEthics Paper Week 1 Assignment Rheana Willis 01/08/2012 Dilemma Choice 2: A married couple, both addicted to drugs, are unable to care for their infant daughter. She is taken from them by court order and placed in a foster home. The years pass. She comes to regard her foster parents as her real parents. They love her as they would their own daughter. When the child is 9 years old, the natural parents, rehabilitated from drugs, begin court action to regain custody. The case is decided in theirRead MoreEthical Decision Making And Ethical Decisions1026 Words   |  5 Pagescontrol of people within a particular organization. Also, it includes critical and ethical decision-making process so as to address various ethical dilemmas experienced by employees while undertaking their respective assigned duties within the company. Ethical dilemmas are hereby to stay as issues usually arise now and then and place a variety of options that bear different repercussions. Therefore, it calls for ethical and critical decision-making skills so as to make the mos t appropriate optionRead More normative theory and policy evaluation Essay1136 Words   |  5 Pages I. PROFESSIONAL ETHICS An interesting question concerns the ethical obligations of people who do policy analysis research. Such research often involves ethical dilemmas that relate to: 1. Whether ones purposes should include prescription or evaluation, as well as prediction or explanation. 2. Whether or not to work to maximize the interests of a political party, special interest group, or only general societal interests. 3. Focusing on intended consequences versus all consequences. 4Read MoreLegal And Social Environment Of Business Essay1240 Words   |  5 Pages Danielle Flatman 14203354 115.103 Legal and Social Environment of Business Assignment One: Ethical Dilemmas Due Date: Monday 18th August @ 6.00pm Paper Coordinator: Number of Words Used: Jean McGuire works as a land salesperson for a real estate company called Sunrise Land Developers who specialise in selling lots to prospective clients. Her clients require her to represent the lots in an accurate light. The company’s sales director Wright Boazman demonstratedRead MoreEthics Vs. Kantian Ethics1249 Words   |  5 Pagesmaking. Two prominent ethical theories that arose were utilitarianism and deontological ethics. Both ethical theories developed to establish and justify a set of different moral rules and principles. Utilitarianism, otherwise known as consequentialism, is an ethical theory that sees the best moral decision is one that maximizes utility, which implies that no moral decision is intrinsically right or wrong. Deontological ethics or Kantian ethics is a normative ethical theory that judges the moralityRead MoreEthical Dilemmas : Ethical Dilemma Essay1355 Words   |  6 PagesIn order to decide whether Marvin faces an ethical dilemma or not, one must recognise the definition of an ethical dilemma. Ethical dilemmas, according to Ghillyer (2010), are defined as â€Å"situations in which there are no obvious ‘right’ or ‘wrong’ decisions†. He also describes these choices as difficult or uncomfortable decisions that have to be made. Ethical dilemmas are conflicts between two morals that compete within a situation. For example, the manager of a local gym finds out that one of hisRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma Of Jean Mcguire Essay1690 Words   |  7 Pagessuch devices and as a result her sales have fallen well below those of her co-workers’. Unsure what to do and worried about losing her job it appears Jean is facing an ethical dilemma. This dilemma will be subsequently discussed using the Kantian perspective and the contrasting utilitarian perspective. The nature of an ethical dilemma according to Rossy (2011) is that the ‘right’ thing to do is not clear and resolution is neither simple nor easy. Jean is being asked to use closing techniques she isn’tRead More Ethical and Philosophical Questions about Value and Obligation977 Words   |  4 PagesEthical and Philosophical Questions about Value and Obligation I Recall the distinction between metaethics and normative ethics. Normative ethics deals with substantial ethical issues, such as, What is intrinsically good? What are our moral obligations? Metaethics deals with philosophical issues about ethics: What is value or moral obligation? Are there ethical facts? What sort of objectivity is possible in ethics? How can we have ethical knowledge? Recall, also, the fundamentalRead MoreEssay about SM0381 Hong Kong Student Seminar Five B1175 Words   |  5 Pagesstories that have ethical dimensions. Discuss in teams the same case study that was introduced in Seminar One. Preserve these notes for comparison with their analysis of the same ethical dilemma at the beginning of the module. Take personal journal notes of their revised impressions and feelings about the case. Preparation for Seminar NB: Make sure that you attend the seminar with a print out of the Seminar Brief and The Case Study. We want you to re-analyse the ethical dilemma case. This will

Sustainable Engineering for Water Supply - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theSustainable Engineering for Water Supply and Planning. Answer: Introduction and Background Sustainable engineering practice is dependent upon various types of Sustainable practices that are implemented by integrating environmental, social and economical elements of the local environment.The main purpose of Sustainable engineering is to minimise the impact of environmental degradation that is caused due to various Engineering projects like that of construction and mechanical work. Sustainable Engineering projects use advanced technology that is aligned with that of the sustainable developmental plan that is aimed to minimize the harm on environment. The major factor that is associated with sustainability is the purpose of saving the natural resources for the future generations. The main areas of focus for sustainable engineering includes, water supply, sustainable waste management, planning to reduce environmental and social impact, Improvement of Technology forinnovative projects and many more. It is essential for the environmental engineers to design and build products that can be sustainable for the future. Proper planning and quantitative tools need to be incorporated in order to design the sustainable product. Main purpose of Sustainable engineering is not only to design the sustainability tools but also incorporate advanced method in order to use those tools for practical purpose. As mentioned by Stansinoupolos et al.,(2013), the sustainable engineering tools are made to design the sustainability and use the principles of green engineering. It is also relevant to mention in the context that the use of Sustainable engineering tools is dependent upon the use of Sustainable Engineering Materials and identification of environment friendly products. The ma in purpose of developing sustainable engineering tools is to recover the society from the exploitation that has been done in past several years for bringing about modernization. Natural resources have been over exploited and are currently at the risk of depletion. The condition of the environment is also at stake, due to the fact that all the engineering projects have exposed harmful materials, which are currently responsible for Environmental Degradation. The adaptations of Sustainable engineering tools are highly relevant in context of the future generation, which will ensure that the global environment is protected and the future generations can lead a healthy life. Objective The purpose of this current report is to discuss about the application of Sustainable engineering toolsthat can help in the purpose of waste management. This will ensure that the harmful waste products that are obtained from all types of Engineering projects are disposed properly and not cause harm to the local environment. Following are the main objectives of sustainability. Focus upon sustainability factors that are responsible for the waste management. Focus upon the strategies, which are needed to be implemented by the future generations in order to protect the environment and cause less pressure to the ecological balance. special focus upon the importance and planning process that is needed in the process of dealing up with the green engineering project practice in the context of the modern days. Sustainability factors Need for waste management in sustainable engineering development With all types of Engineering projects,which are involved in the disposal of various types of wastes, it is essential to have proper waste management techniques. This can ensure that minimum amount of harm is caused to the local environment. Hanes, andBakshi (2015), have mentioned thatthere are different kinds and categories of waste, which are exposed from all types of engineering projects. It is essential to have proper waste management techniques for each category, which will ensure proper sustainability and minimum harm to all the biological elements. Waste management techniques also include all the proper steps that are needed to manage waste and finally dispose the same, without causing any damage to people or environment. As per mentioned in the report of Yue, and You (2013), the waste material from all types of Engineering projects, which includes various types of toxic elements can cause direct harm to the people, who are involved in the project activities. For example the nuclear or radioactive waste materials which are produced from engineering projects are directly responsible for various types of skin and breathing problems among the human population. Long term exposure to nuclear waste, can also cause permanent damages to human health that can include exposure to carcinogenic agents. Direct disposal of the nuclear waste can also cause harm to the local environment due to the fact that most of the Biological agents are highly harmed due to the effects of the nuclear wastes. It is important to mention in the context that with the rise in the demand of electricity energy, it is essential for the modern society to depend upon the usage of the nuclear power, which is believed to be one of the major sources of energy for the sustainable engineering projects. Long term exposure to the radioactive and nuclear wastes is reported to have caused genetic change within humans. These genetic changes causes harm to the reproductive development system thereby causing harm to the future generation. The nuclear wastes are being transferred to the genes of new born babies, which can affect their overall brain and mental development (Salman et al., 2016). Long term exposure of the nuclear waste in the local ecological system can also cause harm to the growth and development of plants and Agricultural Products. Many nations all across the globe have developed nuclear power plants in order to fulfil their growing energy demand with modern civilization. It is highly essentia l for the engineers to develop proper planning to deal with the nuclear waste, which will ensure minimum exposure to the biological agents. Communities all across nations in various parts of the world need to develop Municipal solid waste management planning. Huge amount of domestic on consumer wastes that are being dumped in the local environment has the potential to deal with most of the harmful systems.Halbe et al., (2015), have mentioned the importance of the dividing the wastes into dry and wet categories that can be effective to implement proper engineering waste management techniques. Green Engineering Practice Main purpose of green engineering process reduces the harmful effects of waste materials that are exposed from all types of engineering projects. These waste materials can include all types of environmental pollutants, which can have direct effect on the health of human beings. Jay and Gerard (2015), have mentioned that one of the major elements of the practice of the green engineering includes the steps of ensuring the minimum usages of the non-hazardous substances. This is one of the initial steps which can ensure maximum amount of protection are being given to the engineering project workers during the initial period. The following step it is also necessary to ensure the minimum amount of wastages are being done. In this context it is important to mention that proper clean-up Technologies required to prevention,rather than focus upon treatment. The separation and purification operational process in engineering should have separate process, which is needed to minimise the consumpti on of energy. It is also essential in this context to implement maximum energy efficient Technology, which can have the ability to deal with the minimum energy consumption process thereby causing minimum energy wastages (Childers et al., 2014). It is also essential to use same category of product as raw materials, which can easily help to categorize the wastages. This in turn can reduce the cost of waste treatment process. It is also essential to design the raw materials, which is ideal for the technology that is being implemented in respective Engineering projects. This can reduce the total amount of wastages and thereby reduce the amount of environmental pollutants that have been exposed from the engineering project sites.Blay-Palmer (2016), has mentioned about the concepts of afterlife, which is needed in the context of dealing of selecting materials for the engineering project. This can be achieved by the use of renewable and reusable materials rather than depleting or materials having short lifespan. The major challenges that is associated with the implementation of green engineering practices and use of renewable materials is due to the process of lack of planning and huge expenditure that is needed in the initial stage of engineering project (Childers et al., 2015). One of the major features of the green engineering practice that can helpto promote sustainable practices is to conserve complexity. This can be achieved with the purpose of increasing the efficiency and ensuring perfect design is being implemented. The stakeholders of engineering projects in many cases are not willing to invest more in engineering construction work thatcan make use of Sustainable materials. This mainly occurs due to lack of awareness and also lack of willingness of the stakeholders,who are mainly intended to make maximum profit and reduce the cost (Chandrappa Das, 2014). Nevertheless, one of the major purposes of implementing green engineering practices is to reduce the long-term cost of complex pr oject work and also ensure that the cost of waste management procedures can be reduced significantly. McCormick et al.,(2014), have added the concept of 3Rs, which includes Reduced, Reuse and Recycle. It is essential for all the engineering projects to divide the waste into various categories. All types of engineering projects including construction work have various wastes that can be reused for future purpose. All the developed countries have been using this concept in order to minimise the harmful effect and implement sustainable engineering practice. This is one of the essential elements of green engineering practice, which is needed for sustainable development process. First element of this practice is to reduce the overconsumption of resources.It is essential to have proper planning, which is needed to ensure that no over consumption of resources are being made in any types of engineering projects. It is evident to mention that with less consumption of resources,there is chance that the total amount of wastages will also reduce significantly. Burden of wastages can also be redu ced with proper planning methods and less consumption of natural resources (Espinosa and Walker, 2017). Next element of green engineering practice includes reuse of the wastages. As all types of engineering waste products are classified according to their properties,it is possible to separate the waste materials that can be used for future purposes. With the reuse of unwanted materials, it is possible to reduce the extra burden of wastages that are being exposed to the environment. In many developing Nations, there are special government policies, which are aimed to encourage the use of technology and innovation for reuse of waste products. Reuse of waste product can help in the process of recycling, which is believed to be one of the fundamental processes of sustainable engineering practices. The proper planning is highly essential in the context of the implementation of encouraging the use of the green environmental policies in the engineering project work. Summary In the concluding note it can be said that implementation of Sustainable engineering practice is one of the essential process to ensure that the future generation society are protected from all types of harmful hazards, which are caused due to modern human activities. It will also ensure proper economic sustainable development, which can help to ensure no over exploitation of the natural resources are being caused. This can help to maintain the ecological balance,which is necessary for the protection of all types of biological agents. Proper waste management techniques are implemented, which is one of the essential parts of Sustainable engineering practice. It is important to mention that all types of harmful chemical wastes that are being exposed in the environment can cause various types of direct and indirect hazard to the human health. Proper waste management technique, which can be achieved by implementing green engineering practice needed to be encouraged. There are also special government policies in almost all the developed nations of the world, which are encouraged to implement the green engineering practises. Reference Blay-Palmer, A. (Ed.). (2016). Imagining sustainable food systems: Theory and practice. Routledge. Chandrappa, R., Das, D. B. (2014).Sustainable water engineering: Theory and practice. John Wiley Sons. Childers, D. L., Cadenasso, M. L., Grove, J. M., Marshall, V., McGrath, B., Pickett, S. T. (2015).An ecology for cities: A transformational nexus of design and ecology to advance climate change resilience and urban sustainability. Sustainability, 7(4), 3774-3791. Childers, D. L., Pickett, S. T., Grove, J. M., Ogden, L., Whitmer, A. (2014).Advancing urban sustainability theory and action: Challenges and opportunities.Landscape and Urban Planning, 125, 320-328. Espinosa, A., Walker, J. (2017).A complexity approach to sustainability: theory and application (Vol. 5). World Scientific. Halbe, J., Adamowski, J., Pahl-Wostl, C. (2015).The role of paradigms in engineering practice and education for sustainable development.Journal of Cleaner Production, 106, 272-282. Hanes, R. J., Bakshi, B. R. (2015). Process to planet: A multiscalemodeling framework toward sustainable engineering. AIChE Journal, 61(10), 3332-3352. Jay, J., Gerard, M. (2015).Accelerating the Theory and Practice of Sustainability-Oriented Innovation. McCormick, M., Lawyer, K., Wiggins, J., Swan, C. W., Paterson, K. G., Bielefeldt, A. R. (2014). Sustainable engineering assessment using rubric-based analysis of challenge question responses.Journal of professional issues in engineering education and practice, 141(2), C4014002. Salman, F., Riley, D., Javed, S. (2016, February). GreenDesigners: Gamified Ubiquitous Learning for Sustainable Engineering Design. In Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing Companion (pp. 397-400). ACM. Stansinoupolos, P., Smith, M.H., Hargroves, K. and Desha, C., 2013. Whole system design: An integrated approach to sustainable engineering. Routledge. Yue, D., You, F. (2013). Optimization for sustainable scheduling of batch manufacturing processes under economic and environmental concerns. In Sustainable Engineering Forum 2013-Core Programming Area at the 2013 AIChE Annual Meeting: Global Challenges for Engineering a Sustainable Future. AIChE.

Paradigm Shifts of Church History free essay sample

As described by Bosch in his foreword he talks about the title as ambiguous. â€Å"Transforming† can be an adjective used to describe â€Å"mission†. Mission can be understood as not the enterprise that transforms reality, but something that is itself being transformed. Let’s now look at the first paradigm shift. 1. Primitive Christianity . go and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, and teaching them to obey everything I have commanded you. [2] The great commission has to be taken into account with the rest of Matthew’s gospel where we see the â€Å"road† of mission to the gentiles is open. The Mission of Jesus was to breakdown boundaries and to include all, even those who were seen as enemies. God invites all and it is those who respond that are accepted. Early Christian mission was focused only on the Jews. We will write a custom essay sample on Paradigm Shifts of Church History or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Mission to the gentiles came as a spin-off mission. Early Christian mission involved the person of Jesus and it was political and revolutionary. The revolutionary aspect was seen in the new relationships it brought among Jews, Greek, free, slave, rich, poor, women etc. The early church had to seal their witness (martyria) with their blood; â€Å"Martyrdom and Mission† says Hans von Campenhaussen â€Å"belonged together†. [3] 2. The Patristic Period (The Eastern Church) Mission in the Patristic (first fathers) period is thoroughly church centered which means that the church is the aim; the fulfillment of the Gospel, rather than the instrument or means of mission[4]. In Orthodox thinking, mission is the place of liturgy (public worship). A witnessing community is a community of worshippers. Also Orthodox mission is founded on the love of God as seen in John 3:16. The church began to progress too, the apostles and itinerant preachers were replaced by bishops and deacons and later too was the monastic movement (which was the practice of renouncing worldly pursuits to fully devote ones self to spiritual work). Mission to the non-Roman Asia spread mainly by the Nestorian monastic orders (who emphasized the disunion between the human and divine natures of Jesus). In 1054 the great schism took place between the Eastern and Western church. This was the beginning of the Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church. Constantine moved the headquarters of the Empire from Rome to Constantinople and the church began to compromise with the state politically. The church became secularised and Salvation was a gradual progress that leads to the divine. 3. The Medieval Roman Catholic Period Then the master told his servant, Go out to the roads and country lanes and compel them to come in, so that my house will be full. [5] Where the early church took its missionary text from John 3:16 talking about the love of God, the Roman Catholic Church had the focus of ‘compelling them to come in’. They argued that there was no salvation outside the formal membership of the RC Church. The Roman Empire had become linked to the RC Church. The Catholic Church became extremely influential over the State and loyalty to the state meant being loyal to the church. Is lam became increasingly popular in the East leading to the capture of Constantinople in 1453. Pope Alexander VI divided the colonized world into two for mission purposes. One was under the King of Spain and the other under the King of Portugal. The mission of the church was linked to the mission of the state. They sent Missionaries to the colonized territories. Europe was broadly seen as Christian and therefore no real need for evangelism. The monastic movement may have been the reason was so much authentic Christianity evolved in Europe’s ‘dark ages’. Reformation Period (the Protestant Paradigm) I am not ashamed of the gospel, because it is the power of God that brings salvation to everyone who believes: first to the Jew, then to the Gentile. 6] Martin Luther had a realization that God’s righteousness did not mean God’s punishment and wrath, but his gift of grace and mercy in which anyone could be saved. Bosch noted that the Protestant missionary paradigm tended to vary from various extremes. Bosch shows that although the idea of mission was there among the Protestants, their involvement was limited. This was due to; (a) their primary task was to reform the church; (b) contact with non-Christians was little (c) they were struggling to survive; (d) denial of the monastic orders meant they denied themselves access to important services and (e) their own internal struggles. Luther’s reformation made little sense of this world, Calvinism in Holland (developed Luther’s doctrine of justification by faith) and Puritanism in England (the Protestant church regarded the Reformation of the Church of England as incomplete and sought to simplify and regulate forms of worship) did. Bosch then refers to Gisbertus Voetius’s threefold model of the theology of mission. He sees these dimensions as; (a) conversion of the Gentiles (b) planting of the church and (c) the glory and manifestation of divine grace (he saw the churches of old and new standing as equal)[7]. Enlightenment Period Mission during this period was diverse and multifaceted than ever before. The change from medieval to enlightenment thinking made the supernatural redundant and the natural attracted more attention. God, the church and the nobles were no longer revered, but nature was. This gospel of the kingdom will be preached in the whole world as a testimony to all nations, and then the end will come. [8] The thief comes only to steal and kill and destroy; I have come that they may have life, and have it to the full. 9] Then Jesus came to them and said, All authority in heaven and on earth has been given to me. Therefore go and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, and teaching them to obey everything I have commanded you. And surely I am with you always, to the very end of the age. [10] During this period as you can see from the scriptures above, the main sense of mission was the urgency of the coming o f the new millennium. The modern missionary enterprise has been greatly influenced by the enlightenment’s concept of ecclesiastical and cultural expansion. These were in the church and state. Colonisation and Christianisation went together, and were two sides of the same coin. Later, during the enlightenment the two went onto separate paths, forces of renewal and the second awakening. 6. Ecumenical Period The church turned from being an institution to being the body of Christ with its outlook on mission being revitalized and seen afresh. Missionary conferences began to emerge as Bosch referring to Gunther; â€Å"ecclesiological reflections of missionary conferences from Edinburgh 1910 to Mexico City in 1963†[11]. The ‘Missio Dei† concept first surfaced in 1952 at the Willingen Conference[12]. The idea of God as a missionary God[13]. Mission as stated by Bosch is as follows; meditating salvation; the quest for justice; evangelism; contextualization, liberation, inculturation; common witness; ministry by the holy people of God, witness to people of other living faiths; and as action in hope. Bosch looks at the life of Jesus with what we can learn for mission today.