Water Quality Pollution

Water Quality Pollution TOPIC: WATER QUALITY REPORT Question one: Potential sources of pollution and their potential impact on human health and environment. The Bevern River in Wales has for many years been clean and free from pollution. However in the recent years it have faced different threats of pollution that have posed risk to the water environment and the existence of the several fish species living in it. The major potential source of pollution to the Bevern stream is the sewage system that runs along the Bevern stream the inspection chambers between the Barcombe and the Barcombe sewage treatment work overflow sometimes and the waste are directed to the stream. The overflow has made the levels of the E. coli to rise above the normal required amount in such a stream. The feaces also contain a lot of ammonia and has therefore increased the amount of the dissolved Nitrogen and phosphates. The surrounding that is also polluted with the sewage wastes has also raised a concern over pollution in the stream. The waste is washed down the stream during rain season and the problem of pollution therefore continues. In September 2007, the problem of serious pollution was encountered in the Bevern stream when the raw sewage burst into the stream. The raw sewage has more health and environmental effects than the treated sewage and during the leak of the raw wastes into the river; the water quality was adversely affected. (Lorna, and Jamie, 2001) The dangers that are associated with the problem of pollution are serious. The pollutant cause the rise of the E. coli and amount of the dissolved phosphates and Nitrates that also reduce the amount of Dissolved Oxygen in the water that can affect the life of the species living in the waters that cannot cope with low oxygen. The problem of overflow of the Inspection chamber was solved but the danger still remains as the as the walls of the river near the chamber are weak and with the slightest rain, they can still burst and overflow. Bevern stream drains its water to Sussex River Ouse whose tributaries are at risk from the pollution of the several sewage treatment plants that drain the sewage waste to these streams. As a result, the Sussex river remain threatened to pollution from these treatment plants that have very low standards according to the river Sussex Conservation Society and other societies. The often breakdown of the infrastructure around the Bevern stream is also a potential source of water pollution in the stream. The presence of high levels of E. coli and low dissolved oxygen can lead to the death of the fish species in the water. The pollution of the water with Nitrates and Phosphates is also dangerous as it can lead to the growth of harmful water plants that can cause effect to the vertebrates in the river and can also reduce the rate of floe of the river that can also affect the amount of Dissolved Oxygen. The solid wastes from Wales community neighboring the stream also block the flow of water in the Bevern stream, the solid wastes also increase sediments in the river that affect the movement of the vertebrates hence lack food and die. They also destroy the breeding sites which has adversely reduced the number of species in the water. The consumption of this polluted water can be dangerous to human health as they cause Typhoid from the E. Coli bacteria present in the water from the sewage wastes. Question Two: The limitations to obtaining data on water quality that accurately reflects the changing conditions in the stream. The collection of data on the quality of water in Bevern stream is not efficient and reliable. The problem of collecting data is associated with the changing in the fauna and flora in the stream, at the mouth of the where the tributary Bevern joins River Sussex, there are several species of vertebrates which are as a result of low level of pollution at the site while in the lower mainstream of the river, there are less species as they die from the immediate sewage pollution from the Barcombe sewage treatment section. If samples of the water are taken from these two points of the stream, there will be a great difference in the results that cannot be relied for the real water quality changes currently experienced in the river. Several snail species that are not capable of surviving in low dissolved Oxygen die at some point of the stream as well as nymph. (Duncan, and Horan, 2003) This is from the increase in the level of the phosphates and ammonia level in the water. There is a greater difference in the quality of water at different points of the river, the data collected therefore should not be limited to few samples and should include several samples from different points. The analysis carried out on the water should be used to look for an average so that the water quality results can be compared to the European Community Fresh Water Fish Directive. The other limitation that can also emerge from the data is from the capability of different vertebrates and other species to survive in different water quality. Some can survive in low dissolved Oxygen while some like fish cannot. The PH of the water may also not be fit for some animal species but can favor some. Therefore it is very unreliable to collect data at the stream based on some factors. The stream should be upgraded to the salmonid water quality standards which are rigorous than the EC standards. The Bevern water quality deteriorates downstream as a result of the treated sewage discharge into the stream Dichling which is closer to the sewage discharge. The effect on the quality of water also depends on the season, for example during the dry summer seasons; the stream water quality is very poor as compare to the winter. The standards are compared for two fish species, the Salmonid and the Cyprinid in which the former is delicate and need extremely high quality water. (Lorna, and Jamie, 2001) Question Three: Outline what the results for nutrient levels (e.g., ammonia, nitrate and phosphates) tell you about the trophic status of the stream. Trophic status of a water body is defined in relation to the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients present in the water as well as the algae. These two nutrients are the key determinants of the trophic status which is the biological fertility or productivity of the water body. The levels of the three nutrients in the Bevern stream are significantly higher than the standard EC Fisheries directives for both the Salmonid and Cyprinid species. (Crompton, 2002) This indicates that the stream is relatively productive which is the reason why the stream has a lot of plants growing in it as well as algae in the water. These plants provide food for the different vertebrates in the water that result to breeding and increase in the number of species in the stream. The nymph in the stream eats the algae. The fish feed on these small invertebrates and from their waste they add the amount of Ammonia and phosphates in the water. The balance between the levels of these nutrients is maint ained through the different trophic levels. Treated sewage discharge from Barcombe treatment section into the stream help to increase the levels of these nutrients. The high level of Dissolved Oxygen is also favorable for the increment of the fertility of the stream that increases productivity. The DO in the stream is very high as compared to the set EC standards for dissolved oxygen as seen from the table above. Oxygen favors the development of algae and other water plants. The availability of these plants is a ready source of food to some species. This result to the increase in number of this species which form food for the fish and other vertebrates. The trophic status of the Bevern stream is reasonably high and the future increase in the number of species is possible as long as pollution is controlled. Bavern stream fresh water aquatic environment studies showed that at the mouth of river Sussex, there are several species of fish that exist as a result of the trophic status in the stream. The problem of pollution in the stream has been sought by the Environmental Agency and this has assisted in the improvement and maintenance of good trophic status in the stream. Question Four: What do the bacteriological data tell you about levels and sources of faecal pollution in the Bevern stream? The level of the Escherichia coli is 64000 per 100ml and the Entercoli is 32000 per 100ml. These values are very high in the stream which shows that there is faecal pollution in the stream. The faecal pollution is from the sewage discharge from the treatment works along the stream. The are also possibilities of untreated sewage discharge into the stream that has caused in the high level of the Enterococci which is a colony of the intestinal coli in water. The levels are triggered by the leakage of the September incident where the sewage over flew into the river. The surrounding area may also be producing faecal pollution into the stream. The animal faeces in the nearby forest is responsible for the intestinal coli in the stream which are very high. Generally the water quality in Bevern stream is good and favorable for aquatic biodiversity as the level of Dissolved Oxygen and the ammonia and phosphate nutrients are high. The E. coli is high which is dangerous to the health of the people living around the stream. (Crompton, 2002) The faecal pollution is a major source of the waterborne diseases that affect the community living around. The sources of the faecal pollution are many and cannot be avoided unless the level of treatment for the sewage discharged in the stream is raised to better standards. The biological data shows that the stream is more polluted with the faecal wastes from both the treated sewage and the surrounding area which is also potential source of faecal pollution for the Bevern stream. The intestinal coli is a guarantee that their must be some direct disposal of feaces into the stream without treatment or there is discharge of raw sewage into the stream. This also shows that there are infected people around with the E. coli bacteria that cause Typhoid, Dysentery or Diarrhea in human beings. However it has not been proved that water shrew faeces are present in the stream. The current research that is being conducted by the Sussex Conservation Society is underway where plastic tubes are set near the water with muslin bait at one end, the shrews will enter in the tube to feed on this delicacy. If they are found then the faecal wastes will be too high which will have attracted the faecal shrews. (www.sussex-ouse.org.uk/research/index.htm) References Crompton, R. (2000). Determination of Organic Compound in Water, (New York, Mac Graw Hill) Lorna, F. and Jamie, B. (2001). Water Quality, Guidelines, Quality and Health, (London, MacMillan) Joseph, A. (2004). Waterborne Zoonoses, (London, MacMillan) Mason, F. (2002). Biology of Freshwater, (New York, Wesley) Duncan, D. and Horan, J. (2003). Water and Wastewater Microbiology, (London, Oxford University Press) Bull, T. and Marrs, L. (1998). Biotechnology for Clean Industrial Products and Processes, (London, Oxford University Press) Kavanagh, D. (2006). A Country Pillow Book, (London, Cambridge University Press) Information on the Bevern Stream also available from www.sussex.org.uk (Retrieved on 15th April, 2008)

War Creates Social Division, Not Cohesion Essay -- Politics Sociology

War Creates Social Division, Not Cohesion In attempts to truthfully learn from our past and make progress towards a peaceful world with equality for all, the topic of war, and the effects of war, is an importance issue. Many people believe that war, although obviously destructive, does lead to social cohesion within the particular nation-state at war. The Senate of Canada defines social cohesion as the capacity of citizens living under different social or economic circumstances to live together in harmony, with a sense of mutual commitment. (Culturelink, par. 2) The idea that war leads to social cohesion is based upon the assumption that during a time of crisis, such as a war, people will come together out of the necessity to survive. This belief that the masses unite, neglecting prior dispositions towards one another while opposing a common enemy, has been fairly prominent throughout history. The Second World War, the Cold War, and the Gulf War will be used as examples to research the assumption that social cohesion is a re sult of warfare. I will argue that warfare, opposed to popular belief, causes large-scale discrimination, which in turn creates social division, not cohesion. Once an understanding of the discriminatory effects war causes is expressed, the backbone derived from the research is that we must valiantly oppose military action to uphold our freedom and equality for all, rather than trying to fight for freedom. Second World War The Japanese bombed the United States' Hawaiian naval base, Pearl Harbor, on December 7, 1941 and this began what we now know as the Second World War. The news swept the country by surprise, from that point forward the nation was shocked into a sort of social cohesion. "After the b... ... military action against another nation-state. Yet, since this is the result that occurs during war, we can no longer accept war as an option to settle discrepancies. When accounting for discrimination and looking at the long-term effects of war on a pluralistic society such as the United States, it is impossible to deny that these feelings of hate and fear for a particular race will not overlap onto that race existing in the United States. Any short-term division with real furry behind it, will not suddenly disappear when the war does. No, prejudices are learned traits. Learning is the acquisition of knowledge, and the presence of incorrect knowledge is ignorance. We can no longer accept ignorance as an outcome from war. Therefore, military build up must be stopped immediately and diplomatic measures must be taken in proliferating arms to stop war from reoccurring.

Egg Shell Lab

Michelle Fishman Period 11 TCA #3 TITLE: Egg Shell Lab OBJECTIVE: To determine and compare the amount of calcium carbonate content of brown and white eggshells. MATERIALS: white and brown eggshells, water, deionized water, beaker, pipet, flask, test tube brush, funnel, hotplate, mortar, pestle, ethanol, HCl, phenolphthalein indicator, sodium hydroxide PROCEDURE: (Complete for both white and brown eggshells) 1. Get one egg and beaker and bring it to your lab station. 2. Break the egg into a beaker. 3.Add water to the egg and stir before you pour it down the drain. 4. Wash the shell with deionized water and peel off the membranes from the inside of the shell. Dry your eggshell and put into a labeled beaker. 5. Wash your hands. 6. Dry the shell for about 10 minutes in the oven. 7. Grind the shell to a fine powder with a mortar and pestle. 8. Weigh between 0. 450 and 0. 550 grams of dried shell into each of the 3 labeled 250mL flasks. 9. Make sure to record the exact mass of the shell in each flask. 10. Add a few drops of ethanol to each flask. 1. Pour 40 mL of 1. 0M HCl into a beaker. 12. Put 10. 0 mL of the 1. 0M HCl to each 250mL flask containing the eggshells. Whirl the flasks to make sure all of the solids get wet. Be sure to spill any extra HCl into the sink with water. 13. On a hotplate, heat the solutions in the 250 mL flasks until they boil and then wait for them to cool. Be careful not to let them boil dry. Rinse flask with water. 14. Carefully, add 3-4 drops of phenolphthalein indicator to each flask. 15. Using a funnel, fill a buret partly with 0. 00 M sodium hydroxide, to rinse it. Empty the buret into the sink. Then, pour NaOH solution into the buret just above the top mark. Spill out some excess solution to remove all of the bubbles from the top. If there is not enough solution, refill some more into the buret. Read and record the initial volume to  ± 0. 01 mL. 16. Add one sample to the first pink color. The color will fade once you are close to th e endpoint. Add the excess NaOH little by little with a dropper pipet until the color is constant for at least 30 sec.Read and record the final volume to  ±0. 01 mL. Once the volume is added, it is the difference between the initial and final readings (to  ± 0. 01 mL) 17. Repeat for the other samples. 18. Calculate the average value and the percent calcium carbonate in each sample. 19. Wash the egg residue out of the flask. CONCLUSION QUESTIONS 1)The amount of eggshell a student uses changes the outcome of the lab. It does matter because calcium may be unevenly distributed throughout the shell and there may be different concentrations around the eggshell.If the student doesn’t add a certain amount of eggshells, the experiment will not have the correct outcome. 2)A student would be sure they added a sufficient amount of acid to completely react with all of the calcium carbonate by making the proper measurements. If there is not enough chemical activity like fizzing for exa mple, the student can adjust the amount by adding more acid to make a greater reaction. 3)If the student failed to add sufficient HCl, it would affect their data in many ways.Insufficient amounts oh HCl would not produce a complete reaction. The uneven amount would cause the reaction with CaCO3 to be unequal, so all the results would be directly affected. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1) â€Å"CHEM 1102. † Eggshell Experiment. N. p. , n. d. Web. 17 Mar. 2013. 2) â€Å"CHEM-212 Eggshell Lab. † CHEM-212 Eggshell Lab. N. p. , n. d. Web. 17 Mar. 2013. 3) â€Å"Stoichiometry. † Chem4Kids. com: Reactions:. Andrew Rader Studios, 1997-2012. Web. 19 Mar. 2013. 4) â€Å"To Determine the Percentage by Mass of Calcium Carbonate in Eggshells†

Vegetarian Diet What To Know - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 537 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/07/03 Category Health Essay Level High school Tags: Vegetarian Essay Did you like this example? Being a vegetarian is a personal choice which is based on not eating meat, fish or chicken but only eating vegetables, fruits or seeds due to moral, religious or personal decisions. One of the reasons why vegetarians choose not to eat meat is because they want to prevent the killing of animals massively.In my opinion not everybody should be vegetarian because it is important to have enough energy and proteins which cant be found or taken from vegetables.On the religious view is okay to be vegan but, they think that god has create animals to eat. that cause a dilemma because killing is a sin but jesus permit catolic to eat animals. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Vegetarian Diet: What To Know" essay for you Create order Difficult nutritional supplementation.Substitutes exist, but they are not the same.Nutrients are not absorbed in the same way. There are many deficiencies that must be supplemented.The proteins of the meat are necessary for our body to repair and build the cells. It is necessary for normal growth and development, especially during childhood.Proteins are made of amino acids and are found in any animal source in large quantities, but especially in red meat: 6 grams of meat contain 42 milligrams of protein.Meat also contains micronutrients-vitamins and minerals-such as vitamin A, B, D, and K, as well as copper, chromium, folic acid, iron, magnesium, potassium, selenium, and zinc. The benefits of these micronutrients are varied and necessary for good health: a clear example is iron, necessary to transport oxygen through the blood and avoid anemia.like all food, especially meat must be consumed in a controlled manner to avoid diseases, such as high amounts of cholesterol that do not contribute to good health. This would control the indiscriminate killing of animals Less cholesterol in blood.By not eating foods of animal origin, there is greatest control of cholesterol.There are studies that show that the vegan diet helps a better functioning of th e cardiovascular system. Prevents cancer.By ingesting a large amount of fiber product, the possibility of colorectal cancer is reduced. In addition, vegetables contain many anticancer nutrients, such as antioxidants.However, if everyone consumed vegetables there would be an imbalance in the environment since they fulfill a function no less important than the human beings diet. In summary, we can observe from what we have learned that the healthiness of the diet does not depend in itself on the beliefs, currents and philosophies or fashion, but on the adequate contribution of each of the nutrients to it, guaranteeing a good quality at all times. food and a nutritional profile appropriate to our way of life, our way of thinking, and without risking health. To finish, we have to think and understand that any balanced diet that we join, is only part of a healthy lifestyle. We must not forget to also include other adequate and complementary habits such as performing physical exercise frequently. But what is really vital, if you decide to take any type of diet is consulting it and follow it under strict control by a doctor and a nutrition professional, who will advise and guarantee you that the diet that you choose not suffer from deterioration of the necessary nutrients based on your expectations of energy consumption.